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Numerous other Scientologist-run organizations and companies belong to the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which certifies making use of Hubbard's management doctrines, and flows directory sites of WISE-affiliated organizations. WISE needs those who wish to become Hubbard management seeks advice from to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which uses a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This area requires expansion. You can help by contributing to it. In order to facilitate the continued growth of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the form of powerful or reputable people. Perth Scientology. Though it has actually obtained some reliability as a faith in many countries, Scientology has actually likewise been explained as both a cult and a company.
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For instance, it has been noted to take part in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by determining as Fair Game individuals it views as its enemies. In 1979, numerous Scientology members were convicted for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of government files in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise convicted of scams, manslaughter and damaging witnesses in French cases, destructive libel against attorney Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Faiths in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner mentions that Scientology's "high level of exposure" might be perceived as "threatening to developed social institutions".
From 1952 till 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were industrial and run for the benefit of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, but its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 nations by the time the 80s was available in Scientology and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost consistently for 26 years attempting to restore its tax-exempt status. Scientology The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had initially demandedand the Internal Revenue Service recognized the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as evidence the United States federal government accepts it as a religious beliefs. In January 2009, elimination of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in products for the incoming Barack Obama administration to examine, as identified in a web poll run by the presidential shift group getting public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard selected Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of particular elements of legal security for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was created with its head workplace positioned at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later renamed the Workplace of Unique Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later organized and dedicated among the biggest penetration of United States federal companies ever perpetrated by a company not connected with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: The crime devoted by these accuseds is of a breadth and scope previously unheard of. No structure, office, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and prying. No person or company was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past made use of aggressive tactics in dealing with those it sees as trying to reduce them, understood as Suppressive Persons (SPs) first laid out by Hubbard as part of a policy called level playing field. Church Scientology Perth of Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its founder.
Utilizing blank paper understood to have actually been dealt with by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb threats in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which could have sent Cooper to jail for a prolonged term. The Church's plan was found at the exact same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.